Replication-defective adenovirus vectors are deficient in early viral gene E1 and are generally grown in cell lines such as HEK-293, which contain and express an integrated copy of E1 for the purpose of complementing the defective adenoviral genome.

Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process in which long-lived cytoplasmic components or damaged organelles are sequestered by the formation of double-membraned autophagosomes.

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an emerging treatment option for multiple cancer types and have recently been the focus of extensive research to develop their therapeutic potential.