Chromosome analysis or karyotyping is a test that evaluates the size, shape, and number of chromosomes.

Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is an automated sample preparation technique that allows the identification of specific substructures or cell types and their precise removal from the original tissue without causing damage.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC), which utilizes monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to detect specific antigens in situ, is a very powerful tool for imaging discrete components in tissues.